Adachi, K. and Buseck, P. R.: Internally mixed soot, sulfates, and organic matter in aerosol particles from Mexico City, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6469–6481, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6469-2008, 2008.
Adachi, K., Sedlacek, A. J., Kleinman, L., Springston, S. R., Wang, J.,Chand, D., Hubbe, J. M., Shilling, J. E., Onasch, T. B., Kinase, T., Sakata,K., Takahashi, Y., and Buseck, P. R.: Spherical tarball particles formthrough rapid chemical and physical changes of organic matter inbiomass-burning smoke, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 19336–19341, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900129116, 2019.
Alexander, D. T. L., Crozier, P. A., and Anderson, J. R.: Brown carbonspheres in East Asian outflow and their optical properties, Science, 321,833–836, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155296, 2008.
Bennartz, R., Fan, J., Rausch, J., Leung, L. R., and Heidinger, A. K.:Pollution from China increases cloud droplet number, suppresses rain overthe East China Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L09704, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL047235, 2011.
Bi, X., Zhang, G., Li, L., Wang, X., Li, M., Sheng, G., Fu, J., and Zhou,Z.: Mixing state of biomass burning particles by single particle aerosolmass spectrometer in the urban area of PRD, China, Atmos. Environ., 45,3447–3453, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.03.034,2011.
Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Berntsen, T.,DeAngelo, B. J., Flanner, M. G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne,S., Kondo, Y., Quinn, P. K., Sarofim, M. C., Schultz, M. G., Schulz, M.,Venkataraman, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, S., Bellouin, N., Guttikunda, S. K.,Hopke, P. K., Jacobson, M. Z., Kaiser, J. W., Klimont, Z., Lohmann, U.,Schwarz, J. P., Shindell, D., Storelvmo, T., Warren, S. G., and Zender, C.S.: Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientificassessment, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 5380–5552, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171, 2013.
Cao, F., Zhang, S. C., Kawamura, K., and Zhang, Y. L.: Inorganic markers,carbonaceous components and stable carbon isotope from biomass burningaerosols in Northeast China, Sci. Total Environ., 572,1244–1251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.099,2016.
Cao, F., Zhang, S. C., Kawamura, K., Liu, X., Yang, C., Xu, Z., Fan, M.,Zhang, W., Bao, M., Chang, Y., Song, W., Liu, S., Lee, X., Li, J., Zhang,G., and Zhang, Y. L.: Chemical characteristics of dicarboxylic acids andrelated organic compounds in PM2.5 during biomass-burning andnon-biomass-burning seasons at a rural site of Northeast China, Environ.Pollut., 231, 654–662, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.045, 2017.
Chakrabarty, R. K., Moosmüller, H., Chen, L.-W. A., Lewis, K., Arnott, W. P., Mazzoleni, C., Dubey, M. K., Wold, C. E., Hao, W. M., and Kreidenweis, S. M.: Brown carbon in tar balls from smoldering biomass combustion, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6363–6370, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6363-2010, 2010.
Chen, C., Li, H., Niu, Y., Liu, C., Lin, Z., Cai, J., Li, W., Ge, W., Chen,R., and Kan, H.: Impact of short-term exposure to fine particulate matterair pollution on urinary metabolome: A randomized, double-blind, crossovertrial, Environ. Int., 130, 104878, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.072, 2019.
Chen, J., Li, C., Ristovski, Z., Milic, A., Gu, Y., Islam, M. S., Wang, S.,Hao, J., Zhang, H., He, C., Guo, H., Fu, H., Miljevic, B., Morawska, L.,Thai, P., Lam, Y. F., Pereira, G., Ding, A., Huang, X., and Dumka, U. C.: Areview of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health andclimate in China, Sci. Total Environ., 579, 1000–1034, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.025, 2017.
Chen, S., Xu, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, B., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Zheng, M., Chen, J., Wang, W., Sun, Y., Fu, P., Wang, Z., and Li, W.: Direct observations of organic aerosols in common wintertime hazes in North China: insights into direct emissions from Chinese residential stoves, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 1259–1270, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-1259-2017, 2017.
Chen, W., Tong, D., Zhang, S., Dan, M., Zhang, X., and Zhao, H.: Temporalvariability of atmospheric particulate matter and chemical compositionduring a growing season at an agricultural site in northeastern China, J.Environ. Sci., 38, 133–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.05.023, 2015.
Chen, Y., Ebenstein, A., Greenstone, M., and Li, H.: Evidence on the impactof sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China's HuaiRiver policy, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 12936–12941, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1300018110, 2013.
Cheng, Y., Engling, G., He, K.-B., Duan, F.-K., Ma, Y.-L., Du, Z.-Y., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, M., and Weber, R. J.: Biomass burning contribution to Beijing aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7765–7781, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7765-2013, 2013.
Cheng, Y., Zheng, G., Wei, C., Mu, Q., Zheng, B., Wang, Z., Gao, M., Zhang,Q., He, K., Carmichael, G., Poschl, U., and Su, H.: Reactive nitrogenchemistry in aerosol water as a source of sulfate during haze events inChina, Sci. Adv., 2, e1601530, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601530, 2016.
Chi, J. W., Li, W. J., Zhang, D. Z., Zhang, J. C., Lin, Y. T., Shen, X. J., Sun, J. Y., Chen, J. M., Zhang, X. Y., Zhang, Y. M., and Wang, W. X.: Sea salt aerosols as a reactive surface for inorganic and organic acidic gases in the Arctic troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 11341–11353, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11341-2015, 2015.
Chowdhury, S., Dey, S., Guttikunda, S., Pillarisetti, A., Smith, K. R., andDi Girolamo, L.: Indian annual ambient air quality standard is achievable bycompletely mitigating emissions from household sources, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 10711–10716, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900888116,2019.
Cohen, A. J., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Anderson, H. R., Frostad, J., Estep,K., Balakrishnan, K., Brunekreef, B., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Feigin, V.,Freedman, G., Hubbell, B., Jobling, A., Kan, H., Knibbs, L., Liu, Y.,Martin, R., Morawska, L., Pope, C. A., Shin, H., Straif, K., Shaddick, G.,Thomas, M., van Dingenen, R., van Donkelaar, A., Vos, T., Murray, C. J. L.,and Forouzanfar, M. H.: Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden ofdisease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from theGlobal Burden of Diseases Study 2015, Lancet, 389, 1907–1918, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30505-6, 2017.
Ding, A. J., Huang, X., Nie, W., Sun, J. N., Kerminen, V. M.,Petäjä, T., Su, H., Cheng, Y. F., Yang, X. Q., Wang, M. H., Chi, X.G., Wang, J. P., Virkkula, A., Guo, W. D., Yuan, J., Wang, S. Y., Zhang, R.J., Wu, Y. F., Song, Y., Zhu, T., Zilitinkevich, S., Kulmala, M., and Fu, C.B.: Enhanced haze pollution by black carbon in megacities in China, Geophys.Res. Lett., 43, 2873–2879, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL067745, 2016.
Ebenstein, A., Fan, M., Greenstone, M., He, G., and Zhou, M.: New evidenceon the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy fromChina's Huai River Policy, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 10384–10389,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616784114, 2017.
Fortems-Cheiney, A., Dufour, G., Hamaoui-Laguel, L., Foret, G., Siour, G.,Van Damme, M., Meleux, F., Coheur, P. F., Clerbaux, C., and Clarisse, L.:Unaccounted variability in NH3 agricultural sources detected by IASIcontributing to European spring haze episode, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,5475–5482, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069361, 2016.
Frossard, A. A., Shaw, P. M., Russell, L. M., Kroll, J. H., Canagaratna, M.R., Worsnop, D. R., Quinn, P. K., and Bates, T. S.: Springtime Arctic hazecontributions of submicron organic particles from European and Asiancombustion sources, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D05205, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015178, 2011.
Gao, J., Woodward, A., Vardoulakis, S., Kovats, S., Wilkinson, P., Li, L.,Xu, L., Li, J., Yang, J., Li, J., Cao, L., Liu, X., Wu, H., and Liu, Q.:Haze, public health and mitigation measures in China: A review of thecurrent evidence for further policy response, Sci. Total Environ., 578,148–157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.231, 2017.
Guinot, B., Cachier, H., and Oikonomou, K.: Geochemical perspectives from a new aerosol chemical mass closure, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1657–1670, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1657-2007, 2007.
Guo, S., Hu, M., Zamora, M. L., Peng, J., Shang, D., Zheng, J., Du, Z., Wu,Z., Shao, M., Zeng, L., Molina, M. J., and Zhang, R.: Elucidating severeurban haze formation in China, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 17373–17378,https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1419604111, 2014.
Han, S., Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Cai, Z., Feng, Y., Yao, Q., Li, X., Liu, Y., andZhang, M.: Characteristics and formation mechanism of a winter haze-fogepisode in Tianjin, China, Atmos. Environ., 98, 323–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.078, 2014.
Hand, J. L., Malm, W. C., Laskin, A., Day, D., Lee, T., Wang, C., Carrico,C., Carrillo, J., Cowin, J. P., Collett, J., and Iedema, M. J.: Optical,physical, and chemical properties of tar balls observed during the YosemiteAerosol Characterization Study, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D21210, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005728, 2005.
He, H., Wang, Y., Ma, Q., Ma, J., Chu, B., Ji, D., Tang, G., Liu, C., Zhang,H., and Hao, J.: Mineral dust and NOx promote the conversion of SO2 tosulfate in heavy pollution days, Sci. Rep., 4, 4172, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04172, 2014.
Hoffer, A., Tóth, A., Nyirő-Kósa, I., Pósfai, M., and Gelencsér, A.: Light absorption properties of laboratory-generated tar ball particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 239–246, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-239-2016, 2016.
Huang, K., Zhuang, G., Lin, Y., Fu, J. S., Wang, Q., Liu, T., Zhang, R., Jiang, Y., Deng, C., Fu, Q., Hsu, N. C., and Cao, B.: Typical types and formation mechanisms of haze in an Eastern Asia megacity, Shanghai, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 105–124, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-105-2012, 2012.
Huang, R. J., Zhang, Y., Bozzetti, C., Ho, K. F., Cao, J. J., Han, Y.,Daellenbach, K. R., Slowik, J. G., Platt, S. M., Canonaco, F., Zotter, P.,Wolf, R., Pieber, S. M., Bruns, E. A., Crippa, M., Ciarelli, G.,Piazzalunga, A., Schwikowski, M., Abbaszade, G., Schnelle-Kreis, J.,Zimmermann, R., An, Z., Szidat, S., Baltensperger, U., El Haddad, I., andPrevot, A. S.: High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollutionduring haze events in China, Nature, 514, 218–222, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13774, 2014.
Huang, Y., Li, L., Li, J., Wang, X., Chen, H., Chen, J., Yang, X., Gross, D. S., Wang, H., Qiao, L., and Chen, C.: A case study of the highly time-resolved evolution of aerosol chemical and optical properties in urban Shanghai, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 3931—3944, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-3931-2013, 2013.
Jung, J., Lee, K., Cayetano, M. G., Batmunkh, T., and Kim, Y. J.: Opticaland hygroscopic properties of long-range transported haze plumes observed atDeokjeok Island off the west coast of the Korean Peninsula under the Asiancontinental outflows, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 8861–8877, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023154, 2015.
Lelieveld, J., Evans, J. S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., and Pozzer, A.: Thecontribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on aglobal scale, Nature, 525, 367–371, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15371, 2015.
Li, W. and Shao, L.: Transmission electron microscopy study of aerosolparticles from the brown hazes in northern China, J. Geophys. Res., 114,D09302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011285, 2009.
Li, H., Han, Z., Cheng, T., Du, H., Kong, L., Chen, J., Zhang, R., and Wang,W.: Agricultural Fire Impacts on the Air Quality of Shanghai during SummerHarvesttime, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 10, 95–101, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2009.08.0049, 2010.
Li, M., Wang, T., Xie, M., Li, S., Zhuang, B., Huang, X., Chen, P., Zhao,M., and Liu, J.: Formation and Evolution Mechanisms for Two Extreme HazeEpisodes in the Yangtze River Delta Region of China During Winter 2016, J.Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 3607–3623, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD030535, 2019.
Li, P., Yan, R., Yu, S., Wang, S., Liu, W., and Bao, H.: Reinstate regionaltransport of PM2.5 as a major cause of severe haze in Beijing, P. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 2739–2740, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502596112, 2015.
Li, W., Zhou, S., Wang, X., Xu, Z., Yuan, C., Yu, Y., Zhang, Q., and Wang,W.: Integrated evaluation of aerosols from regional brown hazes overnorthern China in winter: Concentrations, sources, transformation, andmixing states, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D09301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015099, 2011.
Li, W., Shi, Z., Zhang, D., Zhang, X., Li, P., Feng, Q., Yuan, Q., and Wang,W.: Haze particles over a coal-burning region in the China Loess Plateau inwinter: Three flight missions in December 2010, J. Geophys. Res., 117,D12306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017720, 2012.
Li, W., Sun, J., Xu, L., Shi, Z., Riemer, N., Sun, Y., Fu, P., Zhang, J.,Lin, Y., Wang, X., Shao, L., Chen, J., Zhang, X., Wang, Z., and Wang, W.: Aconceptual framework for mixing structures in individual aerosol particles,J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 13784–13798, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025252, 2016.
Li, W., Xu, L., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Lin, Y., Yao, X., Gao, H., Zhang, D.,Chen, J., and Wang, W.: Air pollution–aerosol interactions produce morebioavailable iron for ocean ecosystems, Sci. Adv., 3, e1601749, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601749, 2017.
Li, W. J., Shao, L. Y., and Buseck, P. R.: Haze types in Beijing and the influence of agricultural biomass burning, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8119–8130, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8119-2010, 2010.
Li, X., Ma, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, N., and Hong, Y.: Temporal and spatialanalyses of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and itsrelationship with meteorological parameters over an urban city in northeastChina, Atmos. Res., 198, 185–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.08.023, 2017.
Li, X., Song, S., Zhou, W., Hao, J., Worsnop, D. R., and Jiang, J.: Interactions between aerosol organic components and liquid water content during haze episodes in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 12163–12174, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-12163-2019, 2019.
Li, Z., Guo, J., Ding, A., Liao, H., Liu, J., Sun, Y., Wang, T., Xue, H.,Zhang, H., and Zhu, B.: Aerosol and boundary-layer interactions and impacton air quality, Natl. Sci. Rev., 4, 810–833, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx117, 2017.
Lin, M., Biglari, S., Zhang, Z., Crocker, D., Tao, J., Su, B., Liu, L., andThiemens, M. H.: Vertically uniform formation pathways of troposphericsulfate aerosols in East China detected from triple stable oxygen andradiogenic sulfur isotopes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5187–5196, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073637, 2017.
Liu, D., Joshi, R., Wang, J., Yu, C., Allan, J. D., Coe, H., Flynn, M. J., Xie, C., Lee, J., Squires, F., Kotthaus, S., Grimmond, S., Ge, X., Sun, Y., and Fu, P.: Contrasting physical properties of black carbon in urban Beijing between winter and summer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6749–6769, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6749-2019, 2019.
Liu, J., Han, Y., Tang, X., Zhu, J., and Zhu, T.: Estimating adult mortalityattributable to PM2.5 exposure in China with assimilated PM2.5concentrations based on a ground monitoring network, Sci. Total Environ.,568, 1253–1262, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.165, 2016.
Liu, L., Kong, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, L., Yan, Q., Lingaswamy, A. P.,Shi, Z., Lv, S., Niu, H., Shao, L., Hu, M., Zhang, D., Chen, J., Zhang, X.,and Li, W.: Morphology, composition, and mixing state of primary particlesfrom combustion sources-crop residue, wood, and solid waste, Sci. Rep., 7,5047, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05357-2, 2017.
Liu, M., Song, Y., Zhou, T., Xu, Z., Yan, C., Zheng, M., Wu, Z., Hu, M., Wu,Y., and Zhu, T.: Fine particle pH during severe haze episodes in northernChina, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 5213–5221, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073210, 2017.
Liu, Y., Wu, Z., Wang, Y., Xiao, Y., Gu, F., Zheng, J., Tan, T., Shang, D.,Wu, Y., Zeng, L., Hu, M., Bateman, A. P., and Martin, S. T.: SubmicrometerParticles Are in the Liquid State during Heavy Haze Episodes in the UrbanAtmosphere of Beijing, China, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 4, 427–432,https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00352, 2017.
Ma, L., Li, M., Zhang, H., Li, L., Huang, Z., Gao, W., Chen, D., Fu, Z.,Nian, H., Zou, L., Gao, J., Chai, F., and Zhou, Z.: Comparative analysis ofchemical composition and sources of aerosol particles in urban Beijingduring clear, hazy, and dusty days using single particle aerosol massspectrometry, J. Clean. Prod., 112, 1319–1329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.054, 2016.
Ma, Y., Zhao, H., Dong, Y., Che, H., Li, X., Hong, Y., Li, X., Yang, H.,Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, N., and Sun, C.: Comparison of Two Air PollutionEpisodes over Northeast China in Winter 2016/17 Using Ground-Based Lidar, J.Meteorol. Res., 32, 313–323, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-018-7047-4, 2018.
Mahowald, N. M., Hamilton, D. S., Mackey, K. R. M., Moore, J. K., Baker, A.R., Scanza, R. A., and Zhang, Y.: Aerosol trace metal leaching and impactson marine microorganisms, Nat. Commun., 9, 2614, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04970-7, 2018.
Miao, Y., Guo, J., Liu, S., Zhao, C., Li, X., Zhang, G., Wei, W., and Ma,Y.: Impacts of synoptic condition and planetary boundary layer structure onthe trans-boundary aerosol transport from Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region tonortheast China, Atmos. Environ., 181, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.03.005, 2018.
Oberdorster, G., Sharp, Z., Atudorei, V., Elder, A., Gelein, R., Kreyling,W., and Cox, C.: Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain,Inhal. Toxicol., 16, 437–445, https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370490439597, 2004.
Pósfai, M., Simonics, R., Li, J., Hobbs, P. V., and Buseck, P. R.:Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 1.Compositions and size distributions of carbonaceous particles, J. Geophys.Res.-Atmos., 108, D138483, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002291, 2003.
Pósfai, M., Gelencsér, A., Simonics, R., Arató, K., Li, J.,Hobbs, P. V., and Buseck, P. R.: Atmospheric tar balls: Particles frombiomass and biofuel burning, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D06213, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004169, 2004.
Ren, L., Fu, P., He, Y., Hou, J., Chen, J., Pavuluri, C. M., Sun, Y., andWang, Z.: Molecular distributions and compound-specific stable carbonisotopic compositions of lipids in wintertime aerosols from Beijing, Sci.Rep., 6, 27481, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27481, 2016.
Rodo, X., Curcoll, R., Robinson, M., Ballester, J., Burns, J. C., Cayan, D.R., Lipkin, W. I., Williams, B. L., Couto-Rodriguez, M., Nakamura, Y.,Uehara, R., Tanimoto, H., and Morgui, J. A.: Tropospheric winds fromnortheastern China carry the etiologic agent of Kawasaki disease from itssource to Japan, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 7952–7957, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1400380111, 2014.
Sedlacek III, A. J., Buseck, P. R., Adachi, K., Onasch, T. B., Springston, S. R., and Kleinman, L.: Formation and evolution of tar balls from northwestern US wildfires, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11289–11301, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11289-2018, 2018.
Shao, J., Chen, Q., Wang, Y., Lu, X., He, P., Sun, Y., Shah, V., Martin, R. V., Philip, S., Song, S., Zhao, Y., Xie, Z., Zhang, L., and Alexander, B.: Heterogeneous sulfate aerosol formation mechanisms during wintertime Chinese haze events: air quality model assessment using observations of sulfate oxygen isotopes in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 6107–6123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-6107-2019, 2019.
Shi, G., Xu, J., Peng, X., Xiao, Z., Chen, K., Tian, Y., Guan, X., Feng, Y.,Yu, H., Nenes, A., and Russell, A. G.: pH of Aerosols in a PollutedAtmosphere: Source Contributions to Highly Acidic Aerosol, Environ. Sci.Technol., 51, 4289–4296, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05736, 2017.
Shi, J., Wang, N., Gao, H., Baker, A. R., Yao, X., and Zhang, D.: Phosphorus solubility in aerosol particles related to particle sources and atmospheric acidification in Asian continental outflow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 847–860, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-847-2019, 2019.
Sobhani, N., Kulkarni, S., and Carmichael, G. R.: Source sector and region contributions to black carbon and PM2.5 in the Arctic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 18123–18148, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-18123-2018, 2018.
Sun, J., Liu, L., Xu, L., Wang, Y., Wu, Z., Hu, M., Shi, Z., Li, Y., Zhang,X., Chen, J., and Li, W.: Key Role of Nitrate in Phase Transitions of UrbanParticles: Implications of Important Reactive Surfaces for Secondary AerosolFormation, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 1234–1243, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027264, 2018.
Sun, Y., Jiang, Q., Wang, Z., Fu, P., Li, J., Yang, T., and Yin, Y.:Investigation of the sources and evolution processes of severe hazepollution in Beijing in January 2013, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119,4380–4398, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD021641, 2014.
Tao, J., Cao, J.-J., Zhang, R.-J., Zhu, L., Zhang, T., Shi, S., and Chan,C.-Y.: Reconstructed light extinction coefficients using chemicalcompositions of PM2.5 in winter in Urban Guangzhou, China, Adv. Atmos.Sci., 29, 359–368, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-011-1045-0,2012.
Tao, M., Chen, L., Xiong, X., Zhang, M., Ma, P., Tao, J., and Wang, Z.:Formation process of the widespread extreme haze pollution over northernChina in January 2013: Implications for regional air quality and climate,Atmos. Environ., 98, 417–425, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.026, 2014.
Tian, H. Z., Zhu, C. Y., Gao, J. J., Cheng, K., Hao, J. M., Wang, K., Hua, S. B., Wang, Y., and Zhou, J. R.: Quantitative assessment of atmospheric emissions of toxic heavy metals from anthropogenic sources in China: historical trend, spatial distribution, uncertainties, and control policies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10127–10147, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10127-2015, 2015.
Tie, X., Huang, R. J., Dai, W., Cao, J., Long, X., Su, X., Zhao, S., Wang,Q., and Li, G.: Effect of heavy haze and aerosol pollution on rice and wheatproductions in China, Sci. Rep., 6, 29612, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29612, 2016.
Tóth, A., Hoffer, A., Nyirő-Kósa, I., Pósfai, M., and Gelencsér, A.: Atmospheric tar balls: aged primary droplets from biomass burning?, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6669–6675, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6669-2014, 2014.
van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Brauer, M., Hsu, N. C., Kahn, R. A., Levy,R. C., Lyapustin, A., Sayer, A. M., and Winker, D. M.: Global Estimates ofFine Particulate Matter using a Combined Geophysical-Statistical Method withInformation from Satellites, Models, and Monitors, Environ. Sci. Technol.,50, 3762–3772, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05833, 2016.
Wang, G., Zhang, R., Gomez, M. E., Yang, L., Levy Zamora, M., Hu, M., Lin,Y., Peng, J., Guo, S., Meng, J., Li, J., Cheng, C., Hu, T., Ren, Y., Wang,Y., Gao, J., Cao, J., An, Z., Zhou, W., Li, G., Wang, J., Tian, P.,Marrero-Ortiz, W., Secrest, J., Du, Z., Zheng, J., Shang, D., Zeng, L.,Shao, M., Wang, W., Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, Y., Hu, J., Pan, B.,Cai, L., Cheng, Y., Ji, Y., Zhang, F., Rosenfeld, D., Liss, P. S., Duce, R.A., Kolb, C. E., and Molina, M. J.: Persistent sulfate formation from LondonFog to Chinese haze, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 13630–13635, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1616540113, 2016.
Wang, H., An, J., Shen, L., Zhu, B., Xia, L., Duan, Q., and Zou, J.: Mixingstate of ambient aerosols in Nanjing city by single particle massspectrometry, Atmos. Environ., 132, 123–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.02.032, 2016.
Wang, J., Nie, W., Cheng, Y., Shen, Y., Chi, X., Wang, J., Huang, X., Xie, Y., Sun, P., Xu, Z., Qi, X., Su, H., and Ding, A.: Light absorption of brown carbon in eastern China based on 3-year multi-wavelength aerosol optical property observations and an improved absorption Ångström exponent segregation method, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9061–9074, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9061-2018, 2018.
Wang, J., Liu, D., Ge, X., Wu, Y., Shen, F., Chen, M., Zhao, J., Xie, C., Wang, Q., Xu, W., Zhang, J., Hu, J., Allan, J., Joshi, R., Fu, P., Coe, H., and Sun, Y.: Characterization of black carbon-containing fine particles in Beijing during wintertime, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 447–458, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-447-2019, 2019.
Wang, Z., Li, J., Wang, Z., Yang, W., Tang, X., Ge, B., Yan, P., Zhu, L.,Chen, X., Chen, H., Wand, W., Li, J., Liu, B., Wang, X., Wand, W., Zhao, Y.,Lu, N., and Su, D.: Modeling study of regional severe hazes over mid-easternChina in January 2013 and its implications on pollution prevention andcontrol, Sci. China Earth Sci., 57, 3–13, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-013-4793-0, 2014.
Wu, Y., Zhang, R., Tian, P., Tao, J., Hsu, S. C., Yan, P., Wang, Q., Cao,J., Zhang, X., and Xia, X.: Effect of ambient humidity on the lightabsorption amplification of black carbon in Beijing during January 2013,Atmos. Environ., 124, 217–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.041, 2016.
Wu, Z., Wang, Y., Tan, T., Zhu, Y., Li, M., Shang, D., Wang, H., Lu, K.,Guo, S., Zeng, L., and Zhang, Y.: Aerosol Liquid Water Driven byAnthropogenic Inorganic Salts: Implying Its Key Role in Haze Formation overthe North China Plain, Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 5, 160–166, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00021, 2018.
Xie, C., Xu, W., Wang, J., Wang, Q., Liu, D., Tang, G., Chen, P., Du, W., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Zhou, W., Han, T., Bian, Q., Li, J., Fu, P., Wang, Z., Ge, X., Allan, J., Coe, H., and Sun, Y.: Vertical characterization of aerosol optical properties and brown carbon in winter in urban Beijing, China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 165–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-165-2019, 2019.
Xing, L., Wu, J., Elser, M., Tong, S., Liu, S., Li, X., Liu, L., Cao, J., Zhou, J., El-Haddad, I., Huang, R., Ge, M., Tie, X., Prévôt, A. S. H., and Li, G.: Wintertime secondary organic aerosol formation in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH): contributions of HONO sources and heterogeneous reactions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2343–2359, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2343-2019, 2019.
Xu, L., Liu, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Ren, Y., Wang, X., and Li, W.:Morphology, Composition, and Mixing State of Individual Aerosol Particles inNortheast China during Wintertime, Atmosphere, 8, 47–57, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8030047, 2017.
Xue, J., Yuan, Z., Griffith, S. M., Yu, X., Lau, A. K., and Yu, J. Z.:Sulfate Formation Enhanced by a co*cktail of High NOx, SO2,Particulate Matter, and Droplet pH during Haze-Fog Events in Megacities inChina: An Observation-Based Modeling Investigation, Environ. Sci. Technol.,50, 7325–7334, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00768, 2016.
Yan, X., Ohara, T., and Akimoto, H.: Bottom-up estimate of biomass burningin mainland China, Atmos. Environ., 40, 5262–5273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.040, 2006.
Yang, T., Gbaguidi, A., Yan, P., Zhang, W., Zhu, L., Yao, X., Wang, Z., andChen, H.: Model elucidating the sources and formation mechanisms of severehaze pollution over Northeast mega-city cluster in China, Environ. Pollut.,230, 692–700, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.007,2017.
Yuan, Q., Li, W., Zhou, S., Yang, L., Chi, J., Sui, X., and Wang, W.:Integrated evaluation of aerosols during haze-fog episodes at one regionalbackground site in North China Plain, Atmos. Res., 156, 102–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.01.002, 2015.
Zhang, J., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Ren, Y., Wang, X., Shi, Z., Zhang, D., Che,H., Zhao, H., Liu, Y., Niu, H., Chen, J., Zhang, X., Lingaswamy, A. P.,Wang, Z., and Li, W.: Chemical composition, source, and process of urbanaerosols during winter haze formation in Northeast China, Environ. Pollut.,231, 357–366, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.102,2017.
Zhang, X., Sun, J., Wang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, Q., Wang, W., Quan, J., Cao,G., Wang, J., and Yang, Y.: Factors contributing to haze and fog in China,Chinese Sci. Bull., 58, 1178–1187, https://doi.org/10.1360/972013-150, 2013.
Zhang, Y., Schauer, J. J., Zhang, Y., Zeng, L., Wei, Y., Liu, Y., and Shao,M.: Characteristics of particulate carbon emissions from real-world Chinesecoal combustion, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 5068–5073, https://doi.org/10.1021/es7022576, 2008.
Zhang, Y., Yuan, Q., Huang, D., Kong, S., Zhang, J., Wang, X., Lu, C., Shi,Z., Zhang, X., and Sun, Y.: Direct observations of fine primary particlesfrom residential coal burning: insights into their morphology, composition,and hygroscopicity, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 123, 12964–12979, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028988, 2018a.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q., Cheng, Y., Su, H., Li, H., Li, M., Zhang, X., Ding, A., and He, K.: Amplification of light absorption of black carbon associated with air pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 9879–9896, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9879-2018, 2018b.
Zhang, Y. L., Kawamura, K., Agrios, K., Lee, M., Salazar, G., and Szidat,S.: Fossil and Nonfossil Sources of Organic and Elemental Carbon Aerosols inthe Outflow from Northeast China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 6284–6292,https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00351, 2016.
Zhao, B., Zheng, H., Wang, S., Smith, K. R., Lu, X., Aunan, K., Gu, Y.,Wang, Y., Ding, D., Xing, J., Fu, X., Yang, X., Liou, K.-N., and Hao, J.:Change in household fuels dominates the decrease in PM2.5 exposure andpremature mortality in China in 2005–2015, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115,12401–12406, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812955115, 2018.
Zhao, H., Che, H., Xia, X., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Wang, P., Ma, Y., Yang, H.,Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Gui, K., Sun, T., Zheng, Y., and Zhang, X.: MultiyearGround-Based Measurements of Aerosol Optical Properties and Direct RadiativeEffect Over Different Surface Types in Northeastern China, J. Geophys.Res.-Atmos., 123, 13887–13916, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029141, 2018.
Zhao, X. J., Zhao, P. S., Xu, J., Meng,, W., Pu, W. W., Dong, F., He, D., and Shi, Q. F.: Analysis of a winter regional haze event and its formation mechanism in the North China Plain, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 5685–5696, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5685-2013, 2013.
Zheng, B., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., He, K. B., Wang, K., Zheng, G. J., Duan, F. K., Ma, Y. L., and Kimoto, T.: Heterogeneous chemistry: a mechanism missing in current models to explain secondary inorganic aerosol formation during the January 2013 haze episode in North China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2031–2049, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2031-2015, 2015.
Zheng, G. J., Duan, F. K., Su, H., Ma, Y. L., Cheng, Y., Zheng, B., Zhang, Q., Huang, T., Kimoto, T., Chang, D., Pöschl, U., Cheng, Y. F., and He, K. B.: Exploring the severe winter haze in Beijing: the impact of synoptic weather, regional transport and heterogeneous reactions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 2969–2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-2969-2015, 2015.
Zhi, G., Chen, Y., Xue, Z., Meng, F., Cai, J., Sheng, G., and Fu, J.:Comparison of elemental and black carbon measurements during normal andheavy haze periods: implications for research, Environ. Monit. Assess., 186,6097–6106, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3842-2, 2014.
Zhong, J., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Shen, X., Zhang, H., Wang, T., Xie, Z., Liu, C., Zhang, H., Zhao, T., Sun, J., Fan, S., Gao, Z., Li, Y., and Wang, L.: The two-way feedback mechanism between unfavorable meteorological conditions and cumulative aerosol pollution in various haze regions of China, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 3287–3306, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3287-2019, 2019.
Zou, J., Wang, M., Zhao, S., Wu, X., Zhao, L., Liu, J., Gao, W., Tang, G.,Xin, J., Wang, L., Ji, D., Xu, H., Wang, Y., and Hu, B.: Case study of theeffects of aerosol chemical composition and hygroscopicity on the scatteringcoefficient in summer, Xianghe, southeast of Beijing, China, Atmos. Res.,225, 81–87, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.03.026,2019.
